Dynamically structured fluidization: Oscillating the gas flow and other opportunities to intensify gas-solid fluidized bed operation

Various approaches to structure gas-solid fluidized beds are reviewed, followed by detailed discussion on the use of gas pulsation induce dynamic structuring. Granular media dissipative systems, which develop complex spatiotemporal patterns when excited an oscillating energy source. Here, we discuss how such perturbations initiate surface and these could propagate into a macroscopically organized flow. We call this dynamically structured fluidization. Vibrated shallow granular layers form ordered waves. The hydrodynamics pulsed gas-fluidized related, but more complex: Under appropriate conditions, waves transition three-dimensionally bubbling This occurs in much deeper than under vibration, indicating distinct physics. In state, bubbles organize scalable sub-harmonic, triangular lattice that is highly predictable responsive changes oscillation parameters, allowing for unprecedented level control. Structured observed only sufficiently dense conditions; thus, bed sits between fixed beds, offering opportunities process intensification, due less macromixing traditional fluidization, higher control through micromixing. informs new intensified designs processes exothermic, involve particle formation, thermally sensitive or high-value materials.